Ocular Symptoms Lead to Shortest Diagnostic Delay in Biopsy-Proven Giant Cell Arteritis: A Nationwide Veterans Health Study

Division

East Florida

Hospital

Aventura Hospital and Medical Center

Document Type

Manuscript

Publication Date

4-20-2026

Keywords

Diagnostic Delay, Giant cell arteritis, Primary care, Systemic Vasculitis, Veterans Health Administration, emergency department, ocular symptoms, temporal artery biopsy, visual loss

Disciplines

Diagnosis | Eye Diseases | Medicine and Health Sciences | Ophthalmology

Abstract

PURPOSE: To evaluate diagnostic delays in biopsy-proven Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), with a focus on the impact of presenting symptoms and provider specialty on time to treatment.

DESIGN: Retrospective, multicenter cohort study.

SUBJECTS: Using the VHA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (VINCI), we identified 24,857 patients with GCA-related diagnostic codes or temporal artery biopsy (TAB) procedures.

METHODS: A multi-step filtering process, including positive diagnostic coding and pathology-confirmed biopsy report review, yielded 300 cases of biopsy-proven GCA for final analysis. Detailed chart review captured presenting symptoms, initial provider specialty, and diagnostic timeline intervals including symptom onset to clinical visit and visit to corticosteroid initiation. Group comparisons were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Time from first symptom to initial clinical visit, and time from initial visit to corticosteroid initiation.

RESULTS: The cohort was predominantly male (94.3%) and White (89.9%), with a mean age of 75.3 years. The average delay from symptom onset to first clinical encounter was 22 days (SD: 31.9), and from encounter to treatment initiation was 11 days (SD: 26.0). Patients initially evaluated by emergency department or eyecare providers were treated significantly sooner than those seen by primary care. Presenting symptoms influenced timeliness: patients with ocular symptoms, including transient vision loss and visual disturbances, were treated more promptly (mean: 8.3 days from symptom onset) compared to those with headache (12.9 days) or systemic complaints (20.2 days; p < 0.001). Classic symptoms such as scalp tenderness and temporal pain led to the shortest delays following examination. Inflammatory markers such as ESR and CRP were elevated in the majority of cases, while platelet elevation was less frequent.

CONCLUSIONS: This is the first national VHA study to evaluate diagnostic delay in biopsy-proven GCA by provider specialty and symptom type. Our findings demonstrate that visual symptoms prompt more rapid diagnosis and treatment, whereas nonspecific symptoms result in significant delays, particularly in primary care settings. These results highlight a need for improved provider education and systematic approaches to recognize and manage GCA in its varied presentations. Early diagnosis remains critical to prevent irreversible vision loss and other complications.

Publisher or Conference

American Journal of Ophthalmology

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